Mixing Velocity Gradient (G / Gt)
The Camp-Stein velocity gradient G = sqrt(P / (mu x V)) and the Gt product that set floc formation: rapid mix wants G 500-1,000/s, flocculation G 20-70/s. G depends on water temperature through viscosity -- cold water is more viscous, so the same paddle delivers a lower G in winter and can drop below the 20/s floor. Too high a G shears the floc apart.
Formula and source
G = sqrt(P / (mu x V)); Gt = G x detention_time; mu = water dynamic viscosity at the given temperature.
Camp-Stein velocity gradient (Camp & Stein 1943; Ten States Standards), by name.
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