Weld Passes and Arc Time to Fill a Groove
Passes = ceil(groove area / area per pass), deposited weight = area x length x density, arc time = weight / deposition rate, total = arc / operator factor. A 12 in, 0.15 in^2 groove at 8 lb/h -> 5 passes, 0.51 lb, 3.8 min arc (9.5 min at 40%). The WPS and shop rates govern.
Formula and source
passes = ceil(A_groove / a_pass); weight = A_groove x length x density; arc_h = weight / dep_rate; total_h = arc_h / op_factor.
The standard welding-cost estimating relations (passes, deposited weight, arc time, operator factor), by name.
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