Fire-Ground Engineering

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Fire Hose Friction Loss - Friction loss through a hose lay, from its diameter, length, and flow.
Pump Discharge Pressure - Required PDP from nozzle, friction, elevation.
Hydrant Flow - GPM from Pitot pressure and outlet diameter.
Required Fire Flow - ISO method from square footage and exposure.
Master Stream Reach - Reach from nozzle pressure and type.
Aerial Ladder Reach - Horizontal and vertical reach from angle and extension.
Foam Concentrate - Required foam volume by class and application rate.
Smoke Reading Reference - Volume, velocity, density, and color interpretation.
Reverse-Lay Friction Loss - Single-pump and tandem (parallel) supply friction loss.
Sprinkler GPM Density - Total gpm from area of operation and density (gpm/ft^2).
Standpipe Friction Loss - Riser elevation plus per-outlet friction.
Ladder Pipe Reach - Aerial geometry combined with master-stream forward reach.
Vehicle Braking Distance - Stopping distance from speed, friction, grade, reaction time.
Confined Space Air Change Time - Minutes to reach target air changes from blower CFM.
Rope Rescue Mechanical Advantage - Theoretical and actual MA across rig types with pulley losses.
Sling Angle Load Multiplier - Tension per leg from load, configuration, and included angle.
ISO Needed Fire Flow - The fire flow ISO expects for a building, in gpm.
SCBA Cylinder Work Time - Time to low-air alarm and to empty from rated scf, current pressure, alarm pressure, and consumption rate.
NFPA 1142 Rural Water Supply - Minimum on-site water supply Q = (V * occupancy * construction) / 5 per NFPA 1142 §5.
Confined-Space Pre-Entry Ventilation (OSHA 1910.146) - L x W x H volume, contaminant-driven target ACH (combustible / O2-deficient / H2S / CO / general).
Standpipe Pump Discharge Pressure (NFPA 14) - Standpipe pump discharge pressure: nozzle, hose friction, appliance loss, and elevation.
Smoke Ejector / Ventilation CFM (NFPA 1500) - Required CFM for a target air-change rate, fans needed, time to one air change.
Nozzle / Fire-Stream Reaction Force - Nozzle reaction force for a smooth-bore (1.57 d^2 NP) or fog (0.0505 Q sqrt(NP)) stream.
Sprinkler K-Factor Solver - Solve Q = K x sqrt(P) for flow, pressure, or K-factor.
Elevation Pressure Loss / Gain - Standpipe elevation pressure, both exact and by the 5-psi-per-floor rule of thumb.
Water-Supply Duration - Sustainable duration of an available water volume at a selected flow.
National Fire Academy Quick Fire-Flow - The fireground size-up quick-calc: NFF = (L x W / 3) x (percent involved / 100) x floors.
Iowa Rate-of-Flow (Volume Method) - The Royer-Nelson volume-method fire flow, beside the area-based NFA formula.
Relay Pumping Max Distance - Maximum distance between pumpers in a relay.
Drafting Maximum Lift (Altitude-Corrected) - Maximum drafting lift from a static source.
Vacuum Gauge to Drafting Lift Readout - Reads the compound (vacuum) gauge during a draft.
Tanker (Water Shuttle) Flow Capability - Sustained rural shuttle flow: usable = nominal x fraction (ISO ~0.90).
Tanker Shuttle Cycle Time - The tanker shuttle cycle time from four field measurements.
Tanker Shuttle Fill-Site-Limited Fleet Size - How many tankers a water shuttle needs before the fill site, not the truck count, is the limit.
Portable Fire Extinguisher Coverage (NFPA 10) - Extinguisher count from NFPA 10's two limits: 75 ft travel distance and area per unit.
Foam Eductor Back-Pressure / Hose-Lay Limit - In-line eductor limit: maximum back pressure = 0.65 x inlet.
Spot Smoke / Heat Detector Count (Smooth Ceiling) - Spot smoke or heat detectors on a smooth ceiling per NFPA 72.
Dry-Pipe / Preaction Air Compressor CFM - Compressor free-air CFM to restore a dry-pipe system's air pressure within the NFPA 13 limit.
Jockey (Pressure-Maintenance) Pump Sizing (NFPA 20) - The jockey pump flow and the staggered pressure-switch settings for a fire-pump system, per NFPA 20 practice.
Stairwell Pressurization Airflow and Door Force - The air a pressurized stairwell takes and the force it puts on the door.
Fire-Protection Water Tank Sizing - The stored water a fire-protection tank has to hold, and how long it takes to put back.
PPV Fan Sizing and Clearing Time - How long positive-pressure ventilation takes to clear a structure, and what fan rating a target time would need.
Hose Lay Section Count, Reach, and Charged Weight - How many sections a hose lay takes, how far it actually reaches, and what it weighs charged.
Sprinkler Obstruction Clearance (Three Times Rule) - Whether a sprinkler sits far enough from an obstruction, by the three-times rule.
Fire Department Connection Supply Pressure - The discharge pressure an engine has to make to supply a fire department connection.
Radiant Exposure Separation Distance - How far away an exposure has to be to stay under a chosen radiant heat flux.
Hydrant Count and Spacing for a Required Fire Flow - How many hydrants a site needs, from two independent requirements that both have to be satisfied.
Hydrant Rated Flow at 20 psi (NFPA 291) - Hydrant rated capacity at 20 psi residual.
Fall Arrest Anchorage and System Force Check (OSHA 1926.502(d)) - What a fall-arrest anchorage and system must WITHSTAND -- and the two governing numbers are not the same number.
Required Fall-Arrest Clearance (ANSI Z359) - The clearance a personal fall-arrest system needs below the anchor so the worker does not strike the level.
Max Fire Area from Available Foam Concentrate - The largest fire area the concentrate on the apparatus can cover for the full duration.
Smooth-Bore Nozzle Flow (GPM) - The flow from a smooth-bore (solid-stream) nozzle.
Smooth-Bore Tip Diameter for a Target Flow - The tip (bore) diameter a target flow needs at a nozzle pressure.
Fire Pump Rated / Churn / Overload Curve Check (NFPA 20) - Whether a stationary fire pump sits inside the NFPA 20 three-point envelope.
Sprinkler System Demand and Water Supply (NFPA 13) - From the discharge density on the floor to the water supply the system is designed around.
Max Sprinkler Design Area for a Water Supply (NFPA 13) - The largest hydraulic design area a water supply can serve at a density, once the hose allowance is taken off the top.
Sprinkler Head Count and Spacing (NFPA 13) - How many sprinkler heads a room needs, how far apart, and how far off the walls.
Sprinkler Pressure Demand at the Base of Riser (NFPA 13) - The pressure the water supply must deliver at the base of the riser to drive the hydraulically most remote sprinkler.

Fire-Ground Engineering

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